"People will immediately escalate to open conflict if they decide I'm wrong" has been my most enduring fear about interacting online since I started doing it, and not without reason; I think Twitter etc. exacerbated it, but I've been thinking about how some of the worst and least productive social media behavior used to be things I'd see one or two people doing on smaller community sites. And very often no one would stop them--it'd just be like, "Hey, welcome to our hobby forum! We're generally pretty chill but if you ask the wrong question or state anything with confidence, the acknowledged foremost expert who is online most of the day may jumpscare you with the most scathing, contemptuous reply you've ever gotten in your life. Don't worry; it's actually for your own good and you'll quickly learn never to question them. Also they're a mod because we're all terrified of them."
And like, the way that obviously works is they get to be right by making the stakes of challenging them too high to be worth it for most people, because one of the Weird Hacks you can very easily do on a situation that's cooperative by default is to introduce conflict where there shouldn't be any. There seems to be a spot someone can hit (if they're willing to) where, if they're not clearly wrong and can speak with enough confidence, they can flip out unreasonably at a target to humiliate them and the rest of the group will individually do the math and decide that:
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There must have been a reason they reacted so strongly, because most people wouldn't do that unless they felt justified.
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They will learn from the target's mistake to avoid being humiliated themselves.
In a small group, one person who can speak with equal confidence and experience saying, "Hey, that was uncalled for" can break this down or at least facilitate pushback. But if no one does, everyone sees the whole group apparently approving of this behavior and seeing nothing wrong with it.
My hypothesis is that since social media has such a high volume of casual interactions with strangers--most of whom are spectating--it taught people who wouldn't otherwise start shit to do it as a preemptive move. The goal is not to influence the other person; it's to get higher visible support from spectators, which will determine who is right and who is humiliated. And it perpetuates because there are enough people who do this as a matter of course--either with no real community to stick to or with a large spectator audience--that it starts to feel like offense is just a necessary element of assertiveness to avoid getting sideswiped.
All of this is to say that I think people can unlearn that as they get used to smaller, more stable groups again, but we're still left with 1) people having gotten used to disagreement needing a (supported) winner and a (disgraced) loser, and 2) small communities still being vulnerable to this dynamic the way they were before social media. I'm not sure what steps need to be taken, but I wouldn't be surprised to find other "what do you expect, it's the internet" behaviors that adapted to social media rather than originating there and can easily re-adapt outside of it if allowed to.