Dates are based on discs' PVD creation date. Doesn't include every single Source Engine game disc out there, just what I either already had on my hands or was able to buy secondhand for cheap. All discs are of Russian region, so while most games on those are fully playable in English, a couple of them are not as English loc files were deleted to save on size (tried to note where applicable, might've missed something). Not feasible for me to upload everything to archive.org (takes actual 10+ hours per disc, more if upload fails and it's really prone to), so opted for what I personally felt are more interesting/rare builds.

First-party Valve games

Half-Life 2 (November 2005)

Games included: Half-Life 2, Half-Life 2 Deathmatch, Half-Life Source, Counter-Strike Source

Redump entry, archive.org
GCFs in unencrypted .cabs

Source Engine 7 (build 2519) / Exe build: 18:50:04 Sep 30 2005 (2519)
HL2 / HLS: Exe version 1.0.1.0 (valve)
CSS: Exe version 1.0.0.23 (cstrike)
HL2DM: Exe version 1.0.0.7 (hl2dm)

Counter-Strike Source (November 2005)

Games included: Counter-Strike Source, Half-Life 2 Deathmatch, Day of Defeat: Source

archive.org
GCFs in unencrypted .cabs

Source Engine 7 (build 2519) / Exe build: 18:50:04 Sep 30 2005 (2519)
CSS: Exe version 1.0.0.23 (cstrike)
HL2DM: Exe version 1.0.0.7 (hl2dm)
DODS: Exe version 1.0.0.0 (dod)

Half-Life 2 (August 2006) ("Half-Life 2 Classic")

Games included: Half-Life 2, Half-Life 2 Deathmatch

Software included: Source SDK, Source SDK Base 2006

Redump entry, archive.org
.sim / .sid files, no GCFs
Depots: 200, 206, 207, 208, 211, 212, 215, 221, 232, 235, 321

Source Engine 7 (build 2707) / Exe build: 12:16:15 Apr 6 2006 (2707)
HL2: Exe version 1.0.1.0 (valve)

Base Source Engine 2: Source Engine 7 (build 2803) / Exe build: 14:53:09 Jul 11 2006 (2803)
HL2DM: Exe version 1.0.0.11 (hl2dm)

Half-Life 2: Holiday 2006 Collection (December 2006)

Games included: Half-Life 2, Half-Life 2 Deathmatch, Half-Life 2 Episode One, Half-Life Source, Half-Life Deathmatch Source, Counter-Strike Source

Software included: Source SDK, Source SDK Base 2006

Redump entry disc 1, disc 2, archive.org
.sim / .sid files, no GCFs
Depots: 200, 202, 206, 207, 208, 212, 213, 221, 241, 242, 281, 321, 360, 381

Source Engine 7 (build 2707) / Exe build: 12:16:15 Apr 6 2006 (2707)
HL2: Exe version 1.0.1.0 (valve)

HL1DMS: Source Engine 7 (build 2733) / Exe build: 12:47:32 May 2 2006 (2733) / Exe version 1.0.0.0 (hl1mp)

Base Source Engine 2: Source Engine 7 (build 2943) / Exe build: 16:30:58 Nov 28 2006 (2943)
HL2EP1: Exe version 1.0.0.0 (episodic)
HL2DM: Exe version 1.0.0.11 (hl2dm)

The Orange Box (September 2007)

Games included: Half-Life 2, Half-Life 2 Episode 1, Half-Life 2 Episode 2 (?), Portal (?), Team Fortress 2

Redump entry disc 1, disc 2
.sim / .sid files, no GCFs
Depots: 200, 206, 207, 208, 212, 213, 216, 221, 232, 305, 306, 307, 308, 381, 387, 401, 404, 421, 422, 423, 426, 441, 442, 443

Couldn't actually get Ep2 and Portal to launch; coincidentally these are the only two games on the disc that only have Russian VO and no English audio at all.

Base Source Engine 2: Source Engine 7 (build 3224) / Exe build: 18:49:39 Sep 5 2007 (3224)
HL2: Exe version 1.0.1.0 (valve)
Ep1: Exe version 1.0.0.0 (episodic)

Source 2007: Source Engine 8 (build 3237) / Exe build: 17:54:57 Sep 18 2007 (3237)
TF2: Exe version 1.0.0.0 (tf)

Team Fortress 2 (September 2007):

Redump entry
.sim / .sid files
Depots: 206, 207, 208, 216, 305, 306, 307, 441, 442, 443

Source 2007: Source Engine 8 (build 3240) / Exe build: 11:28:46 Sep 21 2007 (3240)
TF2: Exe version 1.0.0.0 (tf)

Counter-Strike Complete (Dec 2008):

Games included: Counter-Strike, Counter-Strike: Condition Zero, Counter-Strike: Condition Zero Deleted Scenes, Counter-Strike: Source

Redump entry
.sim / .sid files
Depots: 0, 1, 3, 11, 81, 95, 101, 102, 103, 200, 202, 206, 207, 208, 212, 241, 242, 252

Goldsource: Exe build: 17:21:24 Sep 24 2008 (4381)
CS: Exe version 1.1.2.6/2.0.0.0 (cstrike)
CSCZ: Exe version 1.0.0.3/2.0.0.0 (czero)
CSCZDS: Exe version 1.0.0.0/2.0.0.0 (czeror)

Source Engine: probably 2707? .dlls are identical to 2006 ones but couldn't get it to run for whatever reason

Base Source Engine 2: Source Engine 7 (build 3531) / Exe build: 14:37:14 Jul 8 2008 (3531)
CSS: Exe version 1.0.0.34 (cstrike)

Left 4 Dead 1 (2008):

Redump entry
.sim / .sid files
Depots: 501, 502, 504, 505, 506, 507, 508
"Left 4 Dead client binary" depot wasn't included, doesn't launch

Left 4 Dead 2 (2009):

Redump entry
.sim / .sid files
Depots: 551, 552, 555, 556, 557, 558, 559
Despite including "left 4 dead 2 client" depot, specifically client.dll from it wasn't included, so it's unplayable as the game instantly crashes after intro movie.

Left 4 Dead 1 Ultimate Edition (2010):

Redump entry, archive.org
.sim / .sid files
Depots: 501, 502, 503, 504, 507
Actually playable build of the game, includes several post-launch updates (actual disk name on the spine is "Left 4 Dead +Survival Pack +Crash Course")

Source Engine Build 4023, left4dead Version 1.0.1.7
Exe build: 13:21:33 Nov 12 2009 (4023) (500)

Counter-Strike Source (2011)

archive.org
.sim / .sid files
Depots: 206, 207, 208, 217, 241, 242, 252, 305, 306, 307, 316
PC/Mac Hybrid

Despite saying that it includes HL2DM and DODS on the cover, no actual game files are present on disc for those two. Couldn't test Mac version.

Source Engine 15 (build 4426)
Protocol version 15
Exe version 1.0.0.59 (cstrike)
Exe build: 12:08:12 Feb 21 2011 (4426) (215)

Left 4 Dead 2 + Cold Stream (2012):

Redump entry disc 1, disc 2
.sim / .sid files
Depots: 551, 552, 553, 559
PC/Mac Hybrid
Might be one of the most frustrating discs on the list. Despite it including not just the client depot, but also client.dll, as opposed to the retail disc, the client.dll here is a pre-CEG stub (a rabbit hole of its own), meaning that it's missing the entire sections of code, rendering it absolutely worthless and the entire build unplayable, at least the Windows version. Mac client is also included, but I only tried running it under VM as I don't have any Mac hardware, so also couldn't get it to run despite it seemingly having all of the files needed to run.

Counter-Strike Global Offensive (2012):

Redump entry, archive.org
.csd, requires manifest file that's been deleted from the servers, doesn't actually unpack so ???

Third-party games using Source

SiN Episodes: Emergence (2006):

Games included: SiN Episodes: Emergence, SiN, SiN Multiplayer

Redump entry
.sim / .sid files
Depots: 1301, 1302, 1303, 1304, 1305, 1308, 1311, 1315, 1316

Source Engine 7 (build 2722) / Exe build: 17:03:28 Jun 15 2006 (2722)
Exe version 1.0.0.0 (sineg)

Dark Messiah: Might and Magic (2006):

Games included: Dark Messiah: Might and Magic, Dark Messiah: Might and Magic Multiplayer

Redump entry

Based on my previous notes, singleplayer is only in Russian, but I am not sure if it's only about VO or includes UI/subtitles too.

Singleplayer:
Might and Magic [build 168.55007] ( Master 1.02 )
Source Engine 7 (build 1)
Protocol version 7
Exe version 1.0.1.0 (valve)
Exe build: 15:15:25 Nov 28 2006 (1)

Multiplayer:
Might and Magic Multiplayer Version V1.0.0.0
Protocol version 7
Exe version 1.0.0.0 (mmdarkmessiah)
Exe build: 13:42:13 Oct 4 2006 (1)

The Ship (2007):

Games included: The Ship, The Ship Single Player, The Ship Tutorial

Redump entry disc 1, disc 2
.sim / .sid files
Depots: 2401, 2402, 2405, 2406, 2433, 2434

The Ship Version 1.272.400
Source Engine 7 (build 3027)
Exe version 1.0.0.13 (ship)
Exe build: (3027)

Zeno Clash (2009):

Redump entry, archive.org
Installshield .cabs
Sorta weird standalone version of Zeno Clash that doesn't require Steam and runs without it, but at the same time doesn't appear to be pre-cracked and can detect and hook to Steam that's running on its own? Steam.dll in the /bin/ folder is digitally signed by Valve and doesn't seem like it's been tampered with??

Source Engine 14 (build 3756)
Protocol version 14
Exe version 0.0.0.1 (Zeno)
Exe build: 11:15:21 Feb 18 2009 (3756) (22200)

Nuclear Dawn (2012):

Redump entry
.sim / .sid files
Depots: 17711, 17712, 17713, 17715
PC/Mac Hybrid?
The only game One of the two few games on the list that includes a Mac version, couldn't test it myself, Windows build runs fine

Version 11.09.26 (NuclearDawn)
Network Version 2.0.4.2
Exe build: 19:25:00 Sep 19 2011 (4699) (17710)

Cover sources:

Counter-Strike Complete: SiPlus, MobyGames
Left 4 Dead: Fandom wikia page
Left 4 Dead 2: Fandom wikia page
SiN Episodes: Depressor, PiPer
Dark Messiah: Depressor, PiPer
The Ship: Official publisher store page
Zeno Clash: Official publisher store page
CSS 2011: own scan (sorry for washed out colors, only have a really cheap and non-calibrated scanner so these colours were manually corrected to get as close as I could to a reference image)
The rest are from different online stores I think? Should've documented that also