- Ϻ (san): a sideways alternative to sigma. it was distinguished from mu by being symmetrical while mu had a longer left leg
- Ϝ (digamma): name literally means "double gamma" based on its appearance. represents a /w/ sound, but mostly used as a greek numeral
- ϛ (stigma): originated as a medieval ligature of sigma and tau. later took over the numeral function of digamma
- Ϙ (koppa/qoppa): an alternative to kappa, also used as a numeral. it gave rise to Latin Q
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