cars use two types of glass: tempered glass, and laminated glass, which is technically just tempered glass with a few more steps.
tempering glass creates a material that is in tension on the inside, but in compression on the outside - basically, the inside and outside are coupled like train cars, pulling on each other. this creates an incredibly strong material, 4x as strong as standard annealed glass!
another upside to using tempered glass is that it fractures in a very particular way. instead of breaking into long and potentially dangerous shards, it instead crumbles into granular chunks which are less dangerous. it does this because tiny defects in the surface of the glass form seeding points for cracks to propagate from, ideally preventing the formation of shards by just having a lot of places where a forming shard could break.
laminated glass is even stronger than tempered glass, usually because it's thicker, but also because it's laminated - single-laminated glass has two layers of tempered glass with a transparent polymer interlayer, usually a polyvinyl compound or a resin! by adding a flexible polymer to which the glass panes (and their potential fragments) adhere, a broken windshield will still fracture and lose rigidity, but the pieces won't spray into the vehicle and cause further injury.
in high-stress applications like in aircraft windows, additional layers and material thickness is used. whereas car windshields are often about half a centimetre thick, the laminated glass used in airplanes can be up to 3x the thickness. aircraft passenger windows however will often use acrylic, with a thick outer pane (sometimes multiple) and a relatively thin inner pane that are held in place by a frame, secured by a doubler which distributes stress onto the aircraft skin equally while allowing a little bit of wiggle room for it to stretch and relax during pressurisation.
armoured vehicles get even crazier - some don't even use glass, opting instead for transparent polycarbonates or previously-mentioned acrylics, or special ceramics like aluminium oxynitride. the latter is kind of magic - it's 4 times as hard as a comparable sample of fused quartz (basically glass that's nearly pure silica or silicon dioxide, making it ideal for precision optics), and yet it's less than half as dense as a comparable sample of typical armour glass!
