I'm trying to think of TTRPGs whose mechanics employ a deck of cards (my mind goes to a standard US playing-card deck, but tarot cards or a custom deck—or multiple custom decks, as many boardgames use—so long as the mechanic involves "shuffle a deck, draw n card(s), determine result based on card(s) drawn", would also fit the brief.
The only one I can think of off the top of my head is the original, late-'90s Deadlands (which might have even based outcomes on scoring cards drawn as poker hands? I don't 100% remember if they did this or if I'm just imagining that they might have because it would fit the Weird West theme), but if I recall correctly that setting pretty quickly got ported to, like, d20 and GURPS and had all its mechanical quirkiness sanded right down into nothing.
I'd love to know about other games that tried anything like it, though!